Process for the production of polyarenazole polymer

ABSTRACT

The present invention concerns a process for making a polyareneazole polymer comprising the steps of:  
     a) contacting azole-forming monomers, metal powder, and optionally P 2 O 5 , in polyphosphoric acid to form a mixture; b) blending the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 110° C.; c) further blending the mixture at a temperature of up to about 145° C. to form a solution comprising an oligomer; d) optionally, degassing the solution; and e) reacting the oligomer solution at a temperature of about 160° C. to about 250° C. for a time sufficient to form a polymer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of U.S. Application No. 60/665,737 filed Mar. 28, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to rigid-rod polymers, processes for the preparation of such polymers, and the production of filaments and yarns comprising such polymers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Advances in polymer chemistry and technology over the last few decades have enabled the development of high-performance polymeric fibers. For example, liquid-crystalline polymer solutions of heterocyclic rigid-rod polymers can be formed into high strength fibers by spinning liquid-crystalline solutions into wet fibers, removing solvent to dry the fibers, and heat treating the dried fibers. Examples of high-performance polymeric fibers that include poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (“PBZT”) and poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (“PBO”).

Fiber strength is typically correlated to one or more polymer parameters, including composition, molecular weight, intermolecular interactions, backbone, residual solvent or water, macromolecular orientation, and process history. For example, fiber strength typically increases with polymer length (i.e., molecular weight), polymer orientation, and the presence of strong attractive intermolecular interactions. As high molecular weight rigid-rod polymers are useful for forming polymer solutions (“dopes”) from which fibers can be spun, increasing molecular weight typically results in increased fiber strength.

Molecular weights of rigid-rod polymers are typically monitored by, and correlated to, one or more dilute solution viscosity measurements. Accordingly, dilute solution measurements of the relative viscosity (“V_(rel)” or “η_(rel)” or “n_(rel)”) and inherent viscosity (“V_(inh)” or “η_(inh)” or “n_(inh)”) are typically used for monitoring polymer molecular weight. The relative and inherent viscosities of dilute polymer solutions are related according to the expression V _(inh) =ln(V _(rel))/C, where ln is the natural logarithm function and C is the concentration of the polymer solution. V_(rel) is a unitless ratio, thus V_(inh) is expressed in units of inverse concentration, typically as deciliters per gram (“dl/g”).

Rigid-rod polymer fibers having strong hydrogen bonds between polymer chains, e.g., polypyridobisimidazoles, have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,969 to Sikkema et al. An example of a polypyridobisimidazole includes poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole), which can be prepared by the condensation polymerization of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid in polyphosphoric acid. Sikkema describes that in making one- or two-dimensional objects, such as fibers, films, tapes, and the like, it is desired that polypyridobisimidazoles have a high molecular weight corresponding to a relative viscosity (“V_(rel)” or “η_(rel)”) of at least about 3.5, preferably at least about 5, and more particularly equal to or higher than about 10, when measured at a polymer concentration of 0.25 g/dl in methane sulfonic acid at 25° C. Sikkema also discloses that very good fiber spinning results are obtained with poly[pyridobisimidazole-2,6-diyl(2,5-dihydroxy-p-phenylene)] having relative viscosities greater than about 12, and that relative viscosities of over 50 (corresponding to inherent viscosities greater than about 15.6 dl/g) can be achieved. Accordingly, further technical advances are needed to provide even higher molecular weight rigid-rod polymers, such as polypyridobisimidazoles, that are characterized as providing polymer solutions having even greater viscosities.

Further technical advances are needed to provide higher molecular weight polyareneazole rigid-rod polymers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some aspects, the invention concerns a process for making a polyareneazole polymer, comprising the steps of:

-   -   a) contacting areneazole-forming monomers, metal powder, and         optionally P₂O₅, in polyphosphoric acid to form a mixture;     -   b) blending the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to         about 110° C.;     -   c) further blending the mixture at a temperature of up to about         145° C. to form a solution comprising an oligomer;     -   d) optionally, degassing the solution; and     -   e) reacting the oligomer solution at a temperature of about         160° C. to about 250° C. for a time sufficient to form a         polymer.

In some embodiments, the areneazole-forming monomers include 2,5-dimercapto-p-phenylene diamine, terephthalic acid, bis-(4-benzoic acid), oxy-bis-(4-benzoic acid), 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 2,5-pyridodicarboxylic acid, 2,6-napthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-bis(4-carboxyphenyl) pyridobisimidazole, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol, 2,5-diaminohydroquinone, 2,5-diamino-4,6-dithiobenzene, or any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the areneazole-forming monomers are 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid. These monomers may by in the form of a complex of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid.

Step a) may further comprise a chain terminator for the polymer. Suitable chain terminators include benzoic acid, phenyl benzoate, or orthophenylene diamine.

In certain embodiments, the metal powder is tin powder or iron powder.

In some embodiments of the invention, the polyphosphoric acid has an equivalent P₂O₅ content of at least about 81 percent after polymerization. In yet other embodiments, the polyphosphoric acid has an equivalent P₂O₅ content of at least about 82 percent after polymerization.

In some embodiments, step c) may be performed at a temperature of up to about 145° C. Step c) may be performed in a controlled shear environment. In some embodiments, the controlled shear environment is one or more static mixers. In other embodiments, the controlled shear environment is an extruder. In certain preferred embodiments, the shear rate imparted in the controlled shear environment in step e) is up to 8 reciprocal seconds.

In some embodiments, the combined strength of the polyphosphoric acid and the optional P₂O₅ in the mixture is reduced after step c) by the addition of a phosphoric acid. Suitable phosphoric acids include superphosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid.

Step e) optionally comprises a plurality of reaction steps, each step having an increasing temperature. In certain embodiments, the temperature in step e) is from about 180° C. to about 200° C. In some embodiments the time in step e) is from about I to about 6 hours. The solution in step e) may, in some embodiments, have a percent solids concentration of about 10 to about 21 percent by weight.

The process of the instant invention may further comprising the step: f) spinning a filament from the solution comprising polymer of step e).

In some embodiments, the solution is degassed after step a). The solution may also be advantageously degassed after step c).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description, is further understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary embodiments of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods, compositions, and devices disclosed. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a polyareneazole fiber production process.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of inherent viscosity vs. tin content of polyareneazole polymer solutions according to certain embodiments of the present invention that are listed in Table 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying figures and examples, which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices, methods, conditions or parameters described and/or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed invention. Also, as used in the specification including the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. When a range of values is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. All ranges are inclusive and combinable. When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any formula, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

As employed above and throughout the disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings.

Filaments of the present invention can be made from polyareneazole polymer. As defined herein, “polyareneazole” refers to polymers having either: one heteroaromatic ring fused with an adjacent aromatic group (Ar) of repeating unit structure (a):

with N being a nitrogen atom and Z being a sulfur, oxygen, or NR group with R being hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl attached to N; or two hetero aromatic rings each fused to a common aromatic group (Ar¹) of either of the repeating unit structures (b1 or b2):

wherein N is a nitrogen atom and B is an oxygen, sulfur, or NR group, wherein R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl attached to N. The number of repeating unit structures represented by structures (a), (b1), and (b2) is not critical. Each polymer chain typically has from about 10 to about 25,000 repeating units. Polyareneazole polymers include polybenzazole polymers and/or polypyridazole polymers. In certain embodiments, the polybenzazole polymers comprise polybenzimidazole or polybenzobisimidazole polymers. In certain other embodiments, the polypyridazole polymers comprise polypyridobisimidazole or polypyridoimidazole polymers. In certain preferred embodiments, the polymers are of a polybenzobisimidazole or polypyridobisimidazole type.

In structure (b1) and (b2), Y is an aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic group, or nil; preferably an aromatic group; more preferably a six-membered aromatic group of carbon atoms. Still more preferably, the six-membered aromatic group of carbon atoms (Y) has para-oriented linkages with two substituted hydroxyl groups; even more preferably 2.5-dihydroxy-para-phenylene.

In structures (a), (b1), or (b2), Ar and Ar¹ each represent any aromatic or heteroaromatic group.

An “aromatic” group, may be an optionally substituted aromatic 5- to 13-membered mono- or bi-carbocyclic ring such as phenyl or naphthyl. Preferably, groups containing aryl moieties are monocyclic having 5 to 6 carbon atoms in the ring. Phenyl is one preferred aryl.

A “heteroaromatic” group, as used herein, may be an aromatic 5- to 13-membered carbon containing mono- or bi- cyclic ring having one to five heteroatoms that independently may be nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Preferably, groups containing heteroaryl moieties are monocyclic having 5 to 6 members in the ring where one to two of the ring members are selected independently from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. In preferred embodiments, rigid-rod polymeric repeating units include essentially three heteroatom structures, a central pyridine-type ring and two azole rings. Preferably, the central pyridine-type ring is a monocyclic heteroaryl moiety having 5 to 6 members in the ring where one to two of the ring members are selected independently from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur.

In some embodiments, aryl or heteroaromatic moieties may be optionally substituted. Sustituents include one or more of C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, —NO₂, amino, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, dialkylamino of 1-6 carbon atoms per alkyl group, thio, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfinyl, C₁-C₆ alkylsulfonyl, C₂-C₇ alkoxycarbonyl, C₂-C₇ alkylcarbonyl, trifluoroalkxoy, benzylnitrile and benzoyl groups.

While the aromatic or heteroaromatic group can be any suitable fused or non-fused polycyclic system, in some embodiments it is preferably a single six-membered ring. In certain embodiments, the Ar or Ar¹ group is more preferably heteroaromatic, wherein a nitrogen atom is substituted for one of the carbon atoms of the ring system or Ar or Ar¹ may contain only carbon ring atoms. In still other embodiments, the Ar or Ar¹ group is more preferably heteroaromatic.

As herein defined, “polybenzazole” refers to polyareneazole polymer having repeating structure (a), (b1), or (b2) wherein the Ar or Ar¹ group is a single six-membered aromatic ring of carbon atoms. Preferably, polybenzazoles include a class of rigid rod polybenzazoles having the structure (b1) or (b2); more preferably rigid rod polybenzazoles having the structure (b1) or (b2) with a six-membered carbocyclic aromatic ring Ar¹. Such preferred polybenzazoles include, but are not limited to polybenzimidazoles (B═NR), polybenzthiazoles (B═S), polybenzoxazoles (B═O), and mixtures or copolymers thereof. When the polybenzazole is a polybenzimidazole, preferably it is poly(benzo[1,2-d:4.5-d′]bisimidazole-2,6-diyl-1,4-phenylene). When the polybenzazole is a polybenzthiazole, preferably it is poly(benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bisthiazole-2,6-diyl-1,4-phenylene). When the polybenzazole is a polybenzoxazole, preferably it is poly(benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bisoxazole-2,6-diyl-1,4-phenylene).

As herein defined, “polypyridazole” refers to polyareneazole polymer having repeating structure (a), (b1), or (b2) wherein the Ar or Ar¹ group is a single six-membered aromatic ring of five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. Preferably, these polypyridazoles include a class of rigid rod polypyridazoles having the structure (b1) or (b2), more preferably rigid rod polypyridazoles having the structure (b1) or (b2) with a six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring Ar¹. Such more preferred polypyridazoles include, but are not limited to polypyridobisimidazole (B═NR), polypyridobisthiazole (B═S), polypyridobisoxazole (B═O), and mixtures or copolymers thereof. Yet more preferred, the polypyridazole is a polypyridobisimidazole (B═NR) of structure:

wherein N is a nitrogen atom and R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl attached to N, preferably wherein R is H. The average number of repeat units of the polymer chains is typically in the range of from about from about 10 to about 25,000, more typically in the range of from about 100 to 1,000, even more typically in the range of from about 125 to 500, and further typically in the range of from about 150 to 300.

Several embodiments of the present invention are directed to polyareneazole filaments, more specifically to polybenzazole (PBZ) filaments or polypyridazole filaments, and processes for the preparation of such filaments. Other embodiments further include yarns, fabrics, and articles incorporating filaments of this invention, and processes for making such yarns, fabrics, and articles.

As used herein, filaments of the present invention are prepared from polyarenazole polymer, such as polybenzazole (PBZ) or polypyridazole polymer. For purposes herein, the term “filament” refers to a relatively flexible, macroscopically homogeneous body having a high ratio of length to width across its cross-sectional area perpendicular to its length. The filament cross section may be any shape, but is typically circular. The term “filament” may be used interchangeably with the term “fiber.”

As herein defined, “yarn” refers to a continuous length of two or more fibers, wherein fiber is as defined hereinabove.

For purposes herein, “fabric” refers to any woven, knitted, or non-woven structure. By “woven” is meant any fabric weave, such as, plain weave, crowfoot weave, basket weave, satin weave, twill weave, and the like. By “knitted” is meant a structure produced by interlooping or intermeshing one or more ends, fibers or multifilament yarns. By “non-woven” is meant a network of fibers, including unidirectional fibers, felt, and the like.

As used herein, the term “oligomer” refers to a molecule having from 2 to about five covalently linked chemical units that can be the same or different.

As used herein, the term “polymer” refers to a molecule having more than about five covalently linked chemical units that can be the same or different.

In some embodiments, the more preferred rigid rod polypyridazoles include, but are not limited to polypyridobisimidazole homopolymers and copolymers such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,969. One such exemplary polypyridobisimidazole is homopolymer poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy) phenylene-2,6-diimidazo[4,5-b :4′5′-e]pyridinylene). This polymer is also known using various terminology, for example: poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole); poly[(1,4-dihydroxyimidazo [4,5 -b:4′,5′-e]pyridine-2,6-diyl) (2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-phenylene)]; poly[(2,6-diimidazo [4,5-b:4′,5′-e]pyridinylene-(2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-phenylene)]; Chemical Abstracts Registry No. 167304-74-7, poly[(1,4-dihydrodiimidazo [4,5-b :4′,5′-e]pyridine-2,6-diyl)(2,5-dihydroxy- 1,4-phenylene)]; 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid-1,2,4,5-tetraaminopyridine copolymer; PIPD; pyridobisimidazole-2,6-diyl (2,5 -dihydroxy-p-phenylene) copolymer; poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-diimidazo[4,5-b :4′,5′-e]pyridinylene); and poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d5,6-d′]bisimidazole).

The polyareneazole polymers used in this invention may have the properties associated with a rigid-rod structure, a semi-rigid-rod structure, or a flexible coil structure; preferably a rigid rod structure. When this class of rigid rod polymers has structure (b1) or (b2) it preferably has two azole groups fused to the aromatic group Ar¹.

Suitable polyareneazoles useful in this invention include homopolymers and copolymers. Up to as much as about 25 percent, by weight, of other polymeric material can be blended with the polyareneazole. Also copolymers may be used having as much as about 25 percent or more of other polyareneazole monomers or other monomers substituted for a monomer of the majority polyareneazole. Suitable polyareneazole homopolymers and copolymers can be made by known procedures, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,533,693 (to Wolfe et al. on Aug. 6, 1985), 4,703,103 (to Wolfe et al. on Oct. 27, 1987), 5,089,591 (to Gregory et al. on Feb. 18, 1992), 4,772,678 (Sybert et al. on Sep. 20, 1988), 4,847,350 (to Harris et al. on Aug. 11, 1992), 5,276,128 (to Rosenberg et al. on Jan. 4, 1994) and 5,674,969 (to Sikkema, et al. on Oct. 7 1997), the entirety of each is incorporated by reference herein. Additives may also be incorporated in the polyareneazole in desired amounts, such as, for example, anti-oxidants, lubricants, ultra-violet screening agents, colorants and the like.

Suitable polyareneazole monomers are reacted in a solution of non-oxidizing and dehydrating acid under non-oxidizing atmosphere with mixing at a temperature that is increased in step-wise or ramped fashion. The polyareneazole polymer can be rigid rod, semi-rigid rod or flexible coil. It is preferably a lyotropic liquid-crystalline polymer, which forms liquid-crystalline domains in solution when its concentration exceeds a critical concentration.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, there are provided processes for increasing the inherent viscosity of a polyareneazole polymer solution. These processes typically include the steps of contacting, in polyphosphoric acid, azole-forming monomers and iron metal powder, the iron metal powder added in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the azole-forming monomers, and reacting the azole-forming monomers to form the polyareneazole polymer. The azole-forming monomers are suitably prepared separately in aqueous solutions and precipitated to form a monomer complex in a reaction vessel. For example, one suitable process uses a vessel under a nitrogen purge that is charged with a phosphoric acid buffer (pH in the range of from about 4.0 to about 4.5) and water. The solution is heated to approximately 50° C. In a second vessel under a nitrogen purge, an aqueous azole-forming monomer solution is made, preferably 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid (“DHTA”), by combining an alkaline salt of 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid, Na₂S₂O₄, NH₄OH, and water. In a third vessel, an aqueous mixture of a second azole-forming monomer that is capable of reacting with the first azole-forming monomer is prepared, preferably tetraminopyridine (“TAP”)-3HCl-H₂O solution is made by combining TAP-3HCl-H₂O and water in a vessel under a nitrogen blanket, and then adding some NH₄OH.

The solution of the third vessel is transferred to the second vessel, and the pH is adjusted to within the range of from about 9 to about 10 in some embodiments. The combined solution is then warmed to approximately 50° C. while stirring with nitrogen bubbling until the solution clears. The cleared solution is transferred to the first vessel with enough additional H₃PO₄ to maintain the pH to about 4.5 during the addition process to precipitate the monomer complex to form a slurry. The slurry containing the monomer complex is typically filtered under nitrogen and washed with water and degassed ethanol. The monomer complex can be kept in an inert atmosphere and dried prior to polymerization.

A more preferred process for increasing the inherent viscosity of a polyareneazole polymer solution includes combining in an autoclave, 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine (“DADNP”), water, 5% Pt/C catalyst and ammonium hydroxide and heating under pressure to hydrogenate the DADNP. After venting and cooling, activated carbon in water is added as a slurry to the autoclave and mixed. The solution is then filtered, forming a colorless TAP solution. This is added to a K₂-DHTA/Na₂S₂O₄ solution with mixing. A pre-mixed phosphate buffer solution is diluted with water and precharged in a coupling vessel and heated to about 50° C. while mixing. The basic TAP/K₂-DHTA mixture (pH about 10) is then added to the coupling vessel while adding aqueous H₃PO₄ to control the pH around 4.5. Large amounts of fine light-yellow monomer complex crystals form during the addition. The final pH is brought to about 4.5 while the monomer complex slurry is cooled. The slurry is then filtered to give a pale yellow cake. The monomer complex cake is washed with water followed by ethanol before being set to purge with nitrogen overnight. The color of the final cake is pale yellow.

Polymerization of the monomer complex is typically carried out in a reactor suitably equipped with connections for purging with inert gas, applying a vacuum, heating and stirring. Monomer complex, P₂O₅, PPA and powdered metal are typically added to the reactor. The reactor is typically purged, heated and mixed to effect polymerization. In one particularly preferred embodiment, about 20 parts of monomer complex, about 10 parts of P₂O₅, about 60 parts of polyphosphoric acid and about 0.1 parts tin or iron metal are added to a suitable reactor. The contents of the reactor are stirred at about 60 rpm and heated to about 100° C. for about one hour under vacuum with a slight nitrogen purge. The temperature is typically raised to at least 120° C., preferably to at least about 130° C., and preferably no more than about 140° C. for a few more hours, preferably about four hours. The temperature is then raised and held at a higher temperature, at least about 150° C., more typically at least about 170° C., and preferably at about 180° C. for about an hour, more preferably for about two hours. The reactor is typically flushed with nitrogen and a sample of the polymer solution is taken for viscosity determination.

In some embodiments, the process comprises:

-   -   a) contacting azole-forming monomers, metal powder, and         optionally P₂O₅, in polyphosphoric acid to form a mixture;     -   b) blending the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to         about 110° C.;     -   c) further blending the mixture at a temperature of up to about         144° C. to form a solution comprising an oligomer;     -   d) degassing the solution; and     -   e) reacting the oligomer solution at a temperature of about         160° C. to about 250° C. for a time sufficient to form a         polymer.

The relative molecular weights of the polyareneazole polymers are suitably characterized by diluting the polymer products with a suitable solvent, such as methane sulfonic acid, to a polymer concentration of 0.05 g/dl, and measuring one or more dilute solution viscosity values at 30° C. Molecular weight development of polyareneazole polymers of the present invention is suitably monitored by, and correlated to, one or more dilute solution viscosity measurements. Accordingly, dilute solution measurements of the relative viscosity (“V_(rel)” or “η_(rel)” or “n_(rel)”) and inherent viscosity (“V_(inh)” or “η_(inh)” or “n_(inh)”) are typically used for monitoring polymer molecular weight. The relative and inherent viscosities of dilute polymer solutions are related according to the expression V _(inh) =ln(V _(rel))/C, where ln is the natural logarithm function and C is the concentration of the polymer solution. V_(rel) is a unitless ratio of the polymer solution viscosity to that of the solvent free of polymer, thus V_(inh) is expressed in units of inverse concentration, typically as deciliters per gram (“dl/g”). Accordingly, in certain aspects of the present invention the polyareneazole polymers are produced that are characterized as providing a polymer solution having an inherent viscosity of at least about 22 dl/g at 30° C. at a polymer concentration of 0.05 g/dl in methane sulfonic acid. Because the higher molecular weight polymers that result from the invention disclosed herein give rise to viscous polymer solutions, a concentration of about 0.05 g/dl polymer in methane sulfonic acid is useful for measuring inherent viscosities in a reasonable amount of time.

Various amounts and types of metal powders are useful for helping to build the molecular weight of polyareneazoles. In certain processes it is particularly preferred to use iron metal powder present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent based on monomer. Suitable iron metal powder will be particularly fine to provide sufficient surface area for catalyzing the polymerization reaction. In this regard, iron metal powder will suitably have a particle size that will pass through a 200 mesh screen.

The azole-forming monomers suitably include 2,5-dimercapto-p-phenylene diamine, terephthalic acid, bis-(4-benzoic acid), oxy-bis-(4-benzoic acid), 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 2,5-pyridodicarboxylic acid, 2,6-napthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-bis(4-carboxyphenyl) pyridobisimidazole, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyri dine, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol, 2,5-diaminohydroquinone, 1,4-diamino-2,5-dithiobenzene, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the azole-forming monomers include 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid. In certain embodiments, it is preferred that that the azole-forming monomers are phosphorylated. Preferably, phosphorylated azole-forming monomers are polymerized in the presence of polyphosphoric acid and a metal catalyst.

Azole-forming monomers can be selected for generating any of a number of polyareneazoles, and suitable polyareneazoles made according to certain embodiments of the processes of the present invention include polypyridoazoles, which preferably include polypyridobisimidazoles, which preferably include poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole).

Monomers are selected for generating any of a number of polyareneazoles, and suitable polyareneazoles made according to certain embodiments of the processes of the present invention will include a polybenzazole, which preferably includes a polybenzabisoxazole.

In several embodiments, the present invention also provides processes for preparing polyareneazole polymer. These processes suitably include the steps of contacting, in polyphosphoric acid, azole-forming monomers and a metal powder including tin metal, iron metal, vanadium metal, chromium metal, or any combination thereof, the metal powder added in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.9 weight percent, based on the total amount of azole-forming monomers, and reacting the monomers to form the polyareneazole polymer. Typically, these processes suitably form polyareneazoles that are characterized as providing a polymer solution having an inherent viscosity of at least about 22 dl/g at 30° C. at a polymer concentration of 0.05 g/dl in methane sulfonic acid. In certain embodiments, the metal powder is present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 0.5 weight percent based on monomer. Suitable metal powders have a fine particle size that provide a high surface area for effecting catalysis of the polymerization reaction. Accordingly, suitable metal powders have a particle size such that will pass through a 200 mesh screen. Similar monomers can be polymerized according to these processes to form polymers are provided using these processes as described above.

Processes for making a monomer complex comprising 2,3,5,6-tetraamino pyridine (TAP) and 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid (DHTA) monomers are also provided. In these embodiments, the processes typically include the steps of contacting a molar excess of a 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine free base in water to a 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid dipotassium salt to form an aqueous mixture, and adjusting the pH of the aqueous mixture to within the range of from about 3 to about 5 to precipitate the monomer complex. More typically, in certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine free base to the 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid dipotassium salt is at least about 1.05 to 1, even more typically at least about 1.075 to 1, and particularly at least about 1.15 to 1.

The pH of the reaction mixtures are suitably maintained by adding an acid, preferably orthophosphoric acid, to the aqueous mixture. In various embodiments, suitable salts include an alkaline salt of the 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid salt and an ammonium salt of 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid. Preferably, the alkaline salt of the 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid is 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid dipotassium salt.

The pH of the aqueous mixture is typically adjusted to precipitate the monomer complex. A suitable pH for precipitating the monomer complex is in the range of from about 4.3 to about 4.6. After the monomer complex is formed, certain embodiments of the present invention also include one or more additional steps of polymerizing the monomer complex to form a polyareneazole. In these embodiments, any of the monomers as described herein can be used for forming any of the polyareneazoles. For example, in certain embodiments, the polyareneazole, poly( 1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole), is formed using a monomer complex composed of 2,3,5,6-tetraamino pyridine and 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid monomers.

Poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d: 5,6-d′]bisimidazole) polymers are also provided in several embodiments. These polymers are characterized as providing a polymer solution with methane sulfonic acid having an inherent viscosity of at least about 22 dl/g, more typically at least about 25 dl/g, even more typically at least about 28 dl/g, and further typically at least about 30 dl/g, at 30° C. at a polymer concentration of 0.05 g/dl. Various embodiments of the present invention also include filaments that can be prepared from these poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d: 5,6-d′]bisimidazole) polymers. For example, polymer dope solutions can be extruded or spun through a die or spinneret to prepare or spin a dope filament. The spinneret preferably contains a plurality of holes. The number of holes in the spinneret and their arrangement is not critical to the invention, but it is desirable to maximize the number of holes for economic reasons. The spinneret can contain as many as 100 or 1000, or more, and they may be arranged in circles, grids, or in any other desired arrangement. The spinneret may be constructed out of any materials that will not be degraded by the dope solution. In various embodiments, multifilament yarns comprising a plurality of filaments are also provided. The number of filaments per multifilament yarn is approximately the number of holes in the spinneret. Typically, the multifilament yarns prepared with filaments of the present invention have a yarn tenacity of at least about 24 grams per denier (“gpd”).

Additional processes for preparing poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole) polymers are also provided. These embodiments include contacting a molar excess of a 2,3,5,6-tetraamino pyridine free base in water to a 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid salt to form an aqueous mixture, adjusting the pH of the aqueous mixture to within the range of from about 3 to about 5 to precipitate a monomer complex composed of 2,3,5,6-tetraamino pyridine and 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid monomers, contacting, in polyphosphoric acid, the monomer complex with metal powder, the metal powder added in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 0.9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the monomer complex, and polymerizing the monomer complex in polyphosphoric acid to form the polymer solution. In certain of these embodiments, the molar ratio of 2,3,5,6-tetraamino pyridine to 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid typically is at least about 1.05 to 1, more typically at least about 1.075 to 1, and even more typically at least about 1.15 to 1. In certain of these embodiments, the pH is suitably adjusted by adding an acid, such as orthophosphoric acid, to the aqueous mixture. Suitably, the polyphosphoric acid has an equivalent P₂O₅ content after polymerization of typically at least about 81 percent, and more typically at least about 82 percent by weight. In certain embodiments, the equivalent P₂O₅ content is at least about 83 percent by weight and in other embodiments, at least 87 percent by weight. The metal powder suitably includes iron powder, tin powder, vanadium powder, chromium powder, or any combination thereof. Preferably, the metal powder is iron powder. In certain of these embodiments, the 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid salt is an alkaline salt or an ammonium salt of 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid, and preferably the alkaline salt is 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid dipotassium salt. In additional embodiments, the processes may further include one or more additional steps for preparing articles of manufacture, such as filaments and yarns. Thus, the present invention also provides the additional step of forming fibers from polymer solutions (i.e., dopes) of poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d: 5,6-d′]bisimidazole) in polyphosphoric acid using one or fiber spinning processes. Preferably, poly(1,4-(2,5-dihydroxy)phenylene-2,6-pyrido[2,3-d:5,6-d′]bisimidazole) polymer solutions have an inherent viscosity measured in 0.05 g/dl methane sulfonic acid of at least about 22 dl/g when measured in 0.05 g/dl methane sulfonic acid at 30° C.

Certain embodiments of the present invention are discussed in reference to FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the polymer is formed in acid solvent providing the dope solution 2. In other embodiments, the polymer is dissolved in the acid solvent after formation. Either is within the ambit of the invention. Preferably the polymer is formed in acid solvent and provided for use in the invention. The dope solution 2, comprising polymer and polyphosphoric acid, typically contains a high enough concentration of polymer for the polymer to form an acceptable filament 6 after extrusion and coagulation. When the polymer is lyotropic liquid-crystalline, the concentration of polymer in the dope 2 is preferably high enough to provide a liquid-crystalline dope. The concentration of the polymer is preferably at least about 7 weight percent, more preferably at least about 10 weight percent and most preferably at least about 14 weight percent. The maximum concentration is typically selected primarily by practical factors, such as polymer solubility and dope viscosity. The concentration of polymer is preferably no more than 30 weight percent, and more preferably no more than about 20 weight percent.

The polymer dope solution 2 may contain additives such as anti-oxidants, lubricants, ultra-violet screening agents, colorants and the like which are commonly incorporated.

The polymer dope solution 2 is typically extruded or spun through a die or spinneret 4 to prepare or spin the dope filament 6. The spinneret 4 preferable contains a plurality of holes. The number of holes in the spinneret and their arrangement is not critical to the invention, but it is desirable to maximize the number of holes for economic reasons. The spinneret 4 can contain as many as 100 or 1000, or more, and they may be arranged in circles, grids, or in any other desired arrangement. The spinneret 4 may be constructed out of any materials that will not be degraded by the dope solution 2.

Fibers may be spun from solution using any number of processes, however, wet spinning and “air-gap” spinning are the best known. The general arrangement of the spinnerets and baths for these spinning processes is well known in the art, with the figures in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,793; 3,414,645; 3,767,756; and 5,667,743 being illustrative of such spinning processes for high strength polymers, the entirety of each is incorporated by reference herein. In “air-gap” spinning the spinneret typically extrudes the fiber first into a gas, such as air. Using FIG. 1 to help illustrate a process employing “air-gap spinning (also sometimes known as “dry-jet” wet spinning), dope solution 2 exiting the spinneret 4 enters a gap 8 (typically called an “air gap” although it need not contain air) between the spinneret 4 and a coagulation bath 10 for a very short duration of time. The gap 8 may contain any fluid that does not induce coagulation or react adversely with the dope, such as air, nitrogen, argon, helium, or carbon dioxide. The dope filament 6 is drawn across the air gap 8, with or without stretching and immediately introduced into a liquid coagulation bath. Alternately, the fiber may be “wet-spun”. In wet spinning, the spinneret typically extrudes the fiber directly into the liquid of a coagulation bath and normally the spinneret is immersed or positioned beneath the surface of the coagulation bath. Either spinning process may be used to provide fibers for use in the processes of the invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, air-gap spinning is preferred.

The filament 6 is “coagulated” in the coagulation bath 10 containing water or a mixture of water and phosphoric acid, which removes enough of the polyphosphoric acid to prevent substantial stretching of the filament 6 during any subsequent processing. If multiple fibers are extruded simultaneously, they may be combined into a multifilament yarn before, during or after the coagulation step. The term “coagulation” as used herein does not necessarily imply that the dope filament 6 is a flowing liquid and changes into a solid phase. The dope filament 6 can be at a temperature low enough so that it is essentially non-flowing before entering the coagulation bath 10. However, the coagulation bath 10 does ensure or complete the coagulation of the filament, i.e., the conversion of the polymer from a dope solution 2 to a substantially solid polymer filament 12. The amount of solvent, i.e., polyphosphoric acid, removed during the coagulation step will depend on the residence time of the filament 6 in the coagulation bath, the temperature of the bath 10, and the concentration of solvent therein. For example, using a 20 weight percent solution of phosphoric acid at a temperature of about 23° C., a residence time of about one second will remove about 70 percent of the solvent present in the filament 6.

The residual polyphosphoric acid associated with the filament is typically substantially hydrolyzed and removed to preserve polymer fiber properties. PPA is conveniently hydrolyzed by heating the filament or yarn prior to washing and/or neutralization steps. One manner of hydrolysis includes convective heating of the coagulated fiber for a short period of time. As an alternative to convective heating, the hydrolysis may be effected by heating the wet, as coagulated filament or yarn in boiling water or an aqueous acid solution. This treatment provides PPA hydrolysis while adequately retaining the tensile strength of the product fiber. The heat treatment step may occur in a separate cabinet 14, or as an initial process sequence followed by one or more subsequent washing steps in an existing washing cabinet 14. In some embodiments, this is solved by (a) contacting the dope filament with a solution in bath or cabinet 14 thereby hydrolyzing PPA and then (b) contacting the filament with a neutralization solution in bath or cabinet 16 containing water and an effective amount of a base under conditions sufficient to neutralize sufficient quantities of the phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, or any combination thereof in the filament.

After treatment to substantially hydrolyze PPA associated with the coagulated filament, hydrolyzed PPA may be removed from the filament or yarn 12 by washing in one or more washing steps to remove most of the residual acid solvent/and or hydrolyzed PPA from the filament or yarn 12. The washing of the filament or yarn 12 may be carried out by treating the filament or yarn 12 with a base, or with multiple washings where the treatment of the filament or yarn with base is preceded and/or followed by washings with water. The filament or yarn may also be treated subsequently with an acid to reduce the level of cations in the polymer. This sequence of washings may be carried out in a continuous process by running the filament through a series of baths and/or through one or more washing cabinets. FIG. 1 depicts one washing bath or cabinet 14. Washing cabinets typically comprise an enclosed cabinet containing one or more rolls which the filament travels around a number of times, and across, prior to exiting the cabinet. As the filament or yarn 12 travels around the roll, it is sprayed with a washing fluid. The washing fluid is continuously collected in the bottom of the cabinet and drained therefrom.

The temperature of the washing fluid(s) is preferably greater than 30° C. The washing fluid may also be applied in vapor form (steam), but is more conveniently used in liquid form. Preferably, a number of washing baths or cabinets are used. The residence time of the filament or yarn 12 in any one washing bath or cabinet 14 will depend on the desired concentration of residual phosphorus in the filament or yarn 12, but preferably the residence time are in the range of from about one second to less than about two minutes. In a continuous process, the duration of the entire washing process in the preferred multiple washing bath(s) and/or cabinet(s) is preferably no greater than about 10 minutes, more preferably more than about 5 seconds and no greater than about 160 seconds.

In some embodiments, preferred bases for the removal of hydrolyzed PPA include NaOH; KOH; Na₂CO₃; NaHCO₃; K₂CO₃; KHCO₃; or trialkylamines, preferably tributylamine; or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the base is water soluble.

After treating the fiber with base, the process optionally may include the step of contacting the filament with a washing solution containing water or an acid to remove all or substantially all excess base. This washing solution can be applied in a washing bath or cabinet 18.

The fiber or yarn 12 may be dried in a dryer 20 to remove water and other liquids. The temperature in the dryer is typically about 80° C. to about 130° C. The dryer residence time is typically 5 seconds to perhaps as much as 5 minutes at lower temperatures. The dryer can be provided with a nitrogen or other non-reactive atmosphere. Then the fiber can optionally be further processed in, for instance, a heat setting device 22. Further processing may be done in a nitrogen purged tube furnace 22 for increasing tenacity and/or relieving the mechanical strain of the molecules in the filaments. Finally, the filament or yarn 12 is wound up into a package on a windup device 24. Rolls, pins, guides, and/or motorized devices 26 are suitably positioned to transport the filament or yarn through the process.

Preferably, the phosphorous content of the dried filaments after removal of the hydrolyzed PPA is less than about 5,000 ppm (0.5%) by weight, and more preferably, less than about 4,000 ppm (0.4%) by weight, and most preferably less than about 2,000 ppm (0.2%) by weight.

Typically, the yarn is collected at a speed of at least 50, or at least 100, or at least 250, or at least 500, or at least 800 meters per minute.

In some embodiments, the invention concerns a continuous process for making a polyareneazole multifilament yarn comprising:

-   -   a) extruding a solution comprising polyareneazole polymer and         polyphosphoric acid through a plurality of orifices to produce a         plurality of filaments;     -   b) forming a multifilament yarn from said filaments;     -   c) hydrolyzing at least some of the polyphosphoric acid in the         yarn by heating the yarn to a temperature above about 120° C.         for up to about two minutes;     -   d) washing at least some of the hydrolyzed polyphosphoric acid         from the yarn;     -   e) drying the washed yarn;     -   f) optionally, heating the yarn above about 300° C., and     -   g) collecting the yarn at a speed of at least about 50 meters         per minute.

In certain embodiments, the process additionally comprises conditioning the yarn prior to hydrolyzing.

In some embodiments, the filaments pass through an air gap and then through a coagulation bath after being extruded.

EXAMPLES

As used herein, the terms “nunole” and “millimole” are synonymous. All polymer solids concentrations, weight percents based on monomer, and polymer solution percent P₂O₅ concentrations are expressed on the basis of TD-complex as a 1:1 molar complex between TAP and DHTA. (TD-complex is believed to be a monohydrate.)

The test methods described below were used in the following Examples.

Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (° C.) unless otherwise stated.

Denier is determined according to ASTM D 1577 and is the linear density of a fiber as expressed as weight in grams of 9000 meters of fiber.

Tenacity is determined according to ASTM D 3822 and is the maximum or breaking stress of a fiber as expressed as force per unit cross-sectional area.

Elemental analysis of alkaline cation (M) and phosphorus (P) is determined according to the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method as follows. A sample (1-2 grams), accurately weighed, is placed into a quartz vessel of a CEM Star 6 microwave system. Concentrated sulfuric acid (5 ml) is added and swirled to wet. A condenser is connected to the vessel and the sample is digested using the moderate char method. This method involves heating the sample to various temperatures up to about 260° C. to char the organic material. Aliquots of nitric acid are automatically added by the instrument at various stages of the digestion. The clear, liquid final digestate is cooled to room temperature and diluted to 50 ml with deionized water. The solution may be analyzed on a Perkin Elmer optima inductively coupled plasma device using the manufacturers' recommended conditions and settings. A total of twenty-six different elements may be analyzed at several different wavelengths per sample. A 1/10 dilution may be required for certain elements such as sodium and phosphorus. Calibration standards are from 1 to 10 ppm.

Many of the following examples are given to illustrate various embodiments of the invention and should not be interpreted as limiting it in any way. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

Monomer Complex Examples

Example 1

This example illustrates the use of 5 percent molar excess of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine (“TAP”) in the making of monomer complex by a batch process. Water was degassed and deionized.

A first stirred 2-liter resin kettle under a nitrogen purge was charged with 50 ml of 85% H₃PO₄ and 450 ml water, followed by the addition of a 10 percent by weight sodium hydroxide solution until the pH of the material in the kettle was approximately 4.6 as measured by a pH probe. The solution was heated to approximately 50° C.

In a second stirred 2-liter resin kettle under a nitrogen purge, a 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid (“DHTA”) solution was made by combining 41.1 g of a dipotassium salt of 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid (“K₂-DHTA”), 1 g Na₂S₂O₄, 60 g NH₄OH, and 700 g water. The K₂-DHTA and Na₂S₂O₄ were weighed in a glove box first.

A TAP-3HCl-H₂O solution was made by combining 700 g water and 42 g TAP-3HCl.H₂O in a quart bottle equipped with a septum (under a nitrogen blanket). 60 g of NH₄OH were then added. This solution was cannulated to the second resin kettle. This combined solution in the second kettle had a pH of approximately 9 to 10. The combined solution was warmed to approximately 50° C. while stirring with nitrogen bubbling until the solution became clear. This solution was cannulated to the first resin kettle along with enough additional H₃PO₄ to adjust the pH to 4.5 to precipitate the monomer complex to form a slurry. The H₃PO₄ solution was made by diluting 50 ml of 85% H₃PO₄ in 500 ml water.

The slurry containing the monomer complex was filtered under nitrogen and washed twice with 200 ml of water (6-8 grams water per gram of wet product slurry) and with 10 ml degassed ethanol (˜1 gram ethanol per gram of wet product). The monomer complex was kept under nitrogen and dried by steam heating overnight, and recovered in a nitrogen atmosphere glove box.

Polymerization (Example With 5.0% molar excess TAP in Monomer Complex Formation). Into a clean dry 200 ml glass tubular reactor having an inside diameter of 4.8 cm and that was equipped with the necessary connections for purging nitrogen and applying a vacuum, and around which a heating jacket was arranged and which further contained double helix shaped basket stirrer were charged with 23.00 g of monomer complex. 11.24 g of P₂O₅, 66.29 g of polyphosphoric acid (“PPA”) with a % P₂O₅ equivalent to 85.15%, and 0.115 g Sn. The contents were stirred at 60 rpm and heated to 100° C. for one hour under vacuum with a slight nitrogen purge. The temperature was raised and held at 137° C. for 4 hours. The temperature was raised and held at 180° C. for 2 hours. The reactor was flushed with nitrogen a sample of the polymer solution was diluted with methane sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration, and the inherent viscosity was measured at 30° C. to be n_(inh)=23 dl/g.

Example 2

The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, however 43 grams of TAP were used to make the TAP.3HCl.H₂O solution, providing a molar excess of 7.5% TAP as compared to a molar excess of 5% TAP as in Example 1.

Polymerization (Example With 7.5% molar excess TAP in Monomer Complex Formation). Into a clean dry 200 ml glass tubular reactor having an inside diameter of 4.8 cm, equipped with the necessary connections for purging nitrogen and applying a vacuum, and around which a heating jacket was arranged and which further contained double helix shaped basket stirrer, was charged 20.00 g of monomer complex, 7.78 g of P₂O₅, 59.52 g of PPA with a % P₂O₅ equivalent to 85.65%, and 0.115 g Sn. The stirrer was turned on at 100 rpm and the contents were heated to 100° C. for one hour under vacuum with a slight N₂ purge. The temperature was raised and held at 137° C. for 3 hours. The temperature was raised and held at 180° C. for 2 hours. The reactor was flushed with nitrogen gas (“N₂”) and a sample of the polymer solution was diluted with methane sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration. The n_(inh)=28.5 dl/g.

Example 3

The procedure of Example I was repeated, however 46 grams of TAP were used to make the TAP.3HCl.H₂O solution, providing a molar excess of 15% TAP compared to a 5% molar excess as in Example 1.

Polymerization (Example With 15% molar excess TAP in Monomer Complex Formation). Into a clean dry 200 ml glass tubular reactor having an inside diameter of 4.8 cm, equipped with the necessary connections for purging nitrogen and applying a vacuum, and around which a heating jacket was arranged and which further contained double helix shaped basket stirrer was charged 20.00 of monomer complex, 7.79 g of P₂O, 59.54 g of PPA with a % P₂O₅ equivalent to 85.65%, and 0.115 g Sn. The contents were stirred at 100 rpm and heated to 100° C. for one hour under vacuum with a slight N₂ purge. The temperature was raised to 137° C. held there for 4 hours. The temperature was raised and held at 180° C. for 2 hours. The reactor was flushed with N₂ and a sample of the polymer solution was diluted with methane sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration. The n_(inh)=33.4 dl/g.

Example 4

This example illustrates the use of 7.5 percent molar excess of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine (TAP) in the making of monomer complex by a directly coupled process. A dipotassium salt of 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid (K₂-DHTA/Na₂S₂O₄) solution was prepared in a vessel by combining 126.81 grams of K₂-DHTA, 2208 grams of water, and 2.2 grams sodium dithionate.

In an autoclave, 100.3 grams of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine (DADNP), 508 grams water, 2.04 gram 5% Pt/C catalyst (using 1 gram of catalyst per dry basis) and 10 grams of ammonium hydroxide were combined and heated at 65° C. at 500 psig. Hydrogenation of the DADNP was complete in 2 hours. After venting and cooling to 30° C., about 15 g of Darco G60 activated carbon in 100 g water was added as a slurry to the clave and mixed for 1 hour. The solution was filtered to remove the catalyst followed by a single CUNO Biocap 30 54SP filter. The filtration took 30 minutes and the color of the filtered solution was clear throughout the transfer.

The colorless TAP solution was added to the K₂-DHTA/Na₂S₂O₄ solution with mixing at 50° C . The color of the K₂-DHTA/Na₂S₂O₄ solution was light yellow and did not change during the TAP addition the pH of the TAP/K₂-DHTA mixture was 10.0. The clave and filters were then rinsed with 100 g H₂O which was added to the vessel. The theoretical amount of TAP, including DADNP purity (98%) that could have been made, filtered, and transferred to the mix vessel was 68.8 g (0.494 mol) giving a maximum TAP/K₂-DHTA molar ratio of 1.075.

A 150 ml of pre-mixed phosphate buffer solution (pH=4.7) was diluted with 600 ml water and precharged in a coupling vessel and heated to 50° C. while mixing. The basic TAP/K₂-DHTA mixture (pH=10) was added to the coupling vessel while simultaneously adding 25% aqueous H₃PO₄to control the pH around 4.5. Large amounts of fine light-yellow monomer complex crystals formed almost immediately and increased during the addition. The final pH was brought to 4.5 while the monomer complex slurry cooled to 30° C. The slurry was filtered giving a pale yellow cake. The monomer complex cake was washed 3 times with 400 g each of water followed by 200 g of ethanol before being set to purge with nitrogen overnight. The color of the cake was pale yellow.

Example A:

This example illustrates the effect of production of a monomer complex made with a 1:1 ratio of TAP and DHTA. The following were combined in a clean dry 2CV Model DIT Mixer (available from Design Integrated Technology, Inc, Warrenton, Va.) that was continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

-   -   a) 62.4 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) with a concentration         of 84.84% P₂O₅,     -   b) 14.71 grams of P₂O₅,     -   c) 0.11 grams of tin powder (325 mesh and available from VWR         scientific; this amount is 0.5% based on weight of TD-complex or         0.01421 millimoles Tin/millimoles TD-complex), and     -   d) 22.89 grams of TD-Complex (a one to one complex of         tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e.,         47.21 g of TAP and 67.21 g of DHTA).

The CV Model was a jacketed twin cone reactor that was heated by the circulation of hot oil through the jacket. This reactor used intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermesh throughout the conical envelope of the bowl. The mixer blades were started and set at about 53 rpm. The reactor was swept with dry N₂ gas. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured throughout using a thermocouple. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 100° C. and held for 1 hour. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 137° C. and held for 3 hours. Next, the temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 180° C. and held under vacuum for 3 hours. The mixer was purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of 18% solids polymer in PPA. A sample of the polymer was separated from the solution and then diluted with methane sulfonic acid (“MSA”) to a concentration of 0.05% polymer solids. The inherent viscosity of the polymer sample was 6 dl/g.

Metal Powder Examples. The following examples demonstrate the effectiveness of tin (Sn), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) metals as reducing agents during polymerization.

Example 5

The following were combined in a clean dry 2CV Model DIT Mixer that was continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

-   -   a) 126.5 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) with a concentration         of 85-15% P₂O₅,     -   b) 26.82 grams of P₂O₅,     -   c) 0.23 grams of tin powder (325 mesh and available from VWR         scientific; this amount is 0.5% based on weight of TD-complex or         0.01421 millimoles Tin/millimoles TD-complex), and     -   d) 45.78 grams of TD-Complex (a one to one complex of         Tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e.         effectively 94.42 g of TAP and 134.42 g of DHTA, an         approximately 10% molar excess of TAP used during preparation).

CV Model oil heated twin cone reactor having intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermesh throughout the conical envelope of the bowl was used. The mixer blades were started and set at 53 rpm and a vacuum was pulled on the reaction mixture in such a way as to moderate the foaming of the mixture during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured throughout using a thermocouple. The temperature was raised to 100° C. and held for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 137° C. and held for 3 hours. Next the temperature was raised to 180° C. and held under vacuum for 3 hours. The mixer was purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of an 18% polymer in PPA.

A sample of the resulting polymer solution was diluted in methane sulfonic acid (MSA) at a concentration of 0.05% polymer solids. The inherent viscosity of the polymer sample produced was 23 dl/g. See Table 1.

Example 6

The procedure of Example 5 was repeated using 0.01421 millimoles of iron powder/millimoles TD-complex. The inherent viscosity of the polymer sample produced was measured as 29 dl/g. See Table 1.

Example 7

The procedure of Example 5 was repeated using 0.01421 millimoles of vanadium and chromium powder/millimoles TD-complex. The inherent viscosities of the polymer samples produced were both 22 dl/g using vanadium and chromium. See Table 1.

Example B

Example 5 was repeated without reducing metal. The resulting inherent viscosity was 9 dl/g. See Table 1.

Example C

Example 5 was repeated with the reducing metals copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), boron (B), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), cobalt (Co) and zinc (Zn). The results are shown in Table 2.

Example D

Example 5 was repeated with the metal salts tin chloride and magnesium chloride used as the reducing agents instead of metal powder. The results are shown in Table 3. TABLE 1 Preferred Metal Reducing Agents % wt mmoles Inherent (Based on Metal/mmole Viscosity Item Metal Mw Monomer) Polymer (dl/g) Example B None 9 Example 5 Sn 118.7 0.500 0.01421 23 Example 6 Fe 55.8 0.235 0.01421 29 Example 7 V 50.94 0.215 0.01421 22 Example 7 Cr 51.996 0.219 0.01421 22

TABLE 2 Evaluation of Metal Reducing Agents % wt mmoles Inherent (Based on Metal/mmole Viscosity Polymerization Metal Mw Monomer) Polymer (dl/g) Example C Cu 63.5 0.268 0.01421 15 Example C Ni 58.7 0.247 0.01421 16 Example C Mn 54.9 0.231 0.01421 18 Example C B 10.81 0.046 0.01421 17 Example C Ti 47.88 0.202 0.01421 16 Example C Zn 65.38 0.275 0.01421 17 Example C Al 26.98 0.114 0.01421 17 Example C Ga 69.72 0.294 0.01421 18 Example C Co 58.93 0.248 0.01421 16

TABLE 3 Evaluation of Metal Salt Reducing Agents mmoles Metal % wt Salt/ Inherent (Based on mmole Viscosity Polymerization Metal Mw Monomer) Polymer (dl/g) Example D SnCl₂(H₂O)₂ 225.63 0.951 0.01421 20 Example D MgCl₂ 95.23 0.401 0.01421 19

Example 8

Optimization of Reducing Agent During Polymerization. The following were combined in a clean dry 4CV Model DIT Mixer that was continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

1 a) 643.94 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) having a concentration of 84.79% P₂O₅,

-   -   b) 127.22 grams P₂O₅,     -   c) 2.5 grams of tin powder (325 mesh and available from VWR         scientific; this amount of tin powder is approximately 1.09         weight percent based on the amount of TD Complex), and     -   d) 228.84 grams of TD Complex (a one to one complex of         tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e.,         effectively 94.42 g of TAP and 134.42 g of DHTA, an         approximately 10% molar excess of TAP used during preparation).

The CV Model was a oil-heated twin cone reactor that used intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermesh throughout the conical envelope of the bowl. The mixer blades were started and set at 53 rpm and a vacuum was pulled on the reaction mixture in such a way as to moderate the foaming of the mixture during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured using a thermocouple. The temperature was raised to 100° C. and held for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 135° C. and held for 3 hours. Next the temperature was raised to 180° C. and held for 2 hours. The mixer was purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of 18% polymer in PPA.

A sample of the resulting polymer solution was diluted in methane sulfonic acid (MSA) at a concentration of 0.05% polymer solids. The inherent viscosity of this sample was measured as 27 dl/g and was designated Item 1 in Table 4. This procedure was repeated using 0.8, 0.5, 0.3, 0.074 and 0% tin based on the weight of TD Complex used. The trend of inherent viscosity versus tin content is shown graphically in FIG. 2. TABLE 4 Inherent Item % Tin Powder* Viscosity (dl/g) 1 1.09 27 2 0.8 28.6 3 0.5 29.8 4 0.3 29.6 5 0.074 17.5 6 0 6.9 *As a percentage of wt TD Complex used. Fiber Spinning Examples

Example 9

Polymerization with Sn (10% molar excess TAP with spun fiber). The following were combined in a clean dry 4CV Model DIT Mixer that was continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

-   -   a) 663.0 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) having a         concentration of 85.15% P,0₅,     -   b) 112.5 grams P₂O₅,     -   c) 1.1 grams of tin powder (325 mesh and available from VWR         scientific; This amount of Tin powder is approximately 0.5%         weight percent based on the amount of TD Complex), and     -   d) 230.0 grams of TD Complex (a one to one complex of         tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e.         94.45 g of TAP and 134.45 g of DHTA).

The 4CV Model was a jacketed twin cone reactor, which was heated by hot oil circulating through the jacket, that used intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermesh throughout the conical envelope of the bowl. The mixer blades were set at 80 rpm and a vacuum was pulled on the reaction mixture in such a way as to moderate the foaming of the mixture during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture was measured using a thermocouple. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 100° C. and held for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 135° C. and held for 4 hours. Next the temperature was raised to 180° C. and held for 2 hours. The mixer was purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of 18% polymer in PPA. A sample of the polymer solution was diluted with methane sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration. The resulting polymer had an inherent viscosity of 26 dl/g.

Fiber Spinning. The polymerized polymer solution in polyphosphoric acid, was spun into a multifilament yarn through a 250 hole spinneret having 90 micron diameter holes using a dry-jet-wet spinning technique, with water being used as the coagulation medium. The air-gap length was 15 mm, the spin draw ratio in the air-gap was approximately 14. The bobbin of multifilament yarn was washed in hot (50° C.) water for two weeks prior to being dried. The wet yarn was dried at 170° C. under a tension of 890 g by passing it through a four-section, 170-inch long tube oven purged with nitrogen at a speed of 7 m/min. The resulting 373 denier yarn had the following physical properties: tenacity/elongation/modulus 27.8 gpd/2.62%/1345 gpd.

Example 10

Polymerization with Fe Metal (10% molar excess TAP with spun fiber). The following were combined in a clean dry 4CV Model DIT Mixer that was continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

-   -   a) 682.1 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) having a         concentration of 85.65% P,0₅,     -   b) 89 grams P₂O₅,     -   c) 1.15 grams of iron powder (325 mesh and available from         Sigma-Aldrich; This amount of Fe powder is approximately 0.5%         weight percent based on the amount of TD Complex), and     -   d) 228.9 grams of TD Complex (a one to one complex of         Tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e.         94.45 g of TAP and 134.45 g of DHTA).

The 4CV Model was heated by hot oil and used intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermeshed throughout the conical envelope of the bowl. The mixer blades were started and set at 80 rpm and a vacuum was pulled on the reaction mixture in such a way as to moderate the foaming of the mixture during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture is measured throughout using a thermocouple. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to 100° C. and held there for 1 hour. The temperature was raised to 135° C. and held for 4 hours. Next the temperature was raised to 180° C. and held for 2 hours. The mixer was purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of 18% polymer in PPA. A sample of the polymer solution was diluted with methane sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration. The n_(inh) was 24 dl/g.

Fiber Spinning. The polymerized polymer solution in polyphosphoric acid, was spun into a multifilament yarn through a 250 hole spinneret having 90 micron diameter holes using a dry-jet-wet spinning technique, with water being used as the coagulation medium. The air-gap length was 20 mm, the spin draw ratio in the air-gap was approximately 14. The bobbin of multifilament yarn was washed in boiling water for 90 minutes, followed by soaking in 2 wt % aqueous caustic for 2 hours, followed by soaking in water for 2 hours, the water being exchanged for fresh water twice, followed by soaking in 2 wt % aqueous acetic acid for 2 hours, followed by soaking in fresh water for 2 hours, the water being exchanged for fresh water twice. The bobbin of washed yarn was stored wet in a plastic bag until dried in a tube oven. The yarn was dried at 170 C under a tension of 1000 grams by passing it through a 1-foot long tube oven purged with nitrogen at a speed of 0.5 m/min. The resulting 387 denier yarn had the following physical properties: tenacity/elongation/modulus 25.9 gpd/2.24%/1398 gpd.

Example 11

Polymer Process

11,580 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (84.7% P₂O₅) at 120° C. is fed from a weigh tank into a 10CV DIT Helicone mixer that has a nitrogen atmosphere of 1 atmosphere. (The mixer blades are stopped so as not to obscure the addition port.) After the PPA is in the mixer, the mixer blades are run at 40 rpm and the jacket cooling water is started to cool the PPA to 70° C. When the PPA is cooled, the water flow is stopped and the mixer blades are stopped so as not to obscure the addition port.

grams of P₂O₅ are weighed into a transfer bin in a weigh chamber under dry nitrogen (N₂). The 1 atmosphere (absolute) nitrogen pressure in the mixer is equalized to the 1 atmosphere pressure in the N₂-blanketed weigh chamber. The P₂O₅ is transferred to the 10CV mixer, and then the transfer valve is closed. The mixer blades are started and their speed is ramped to 40 rpm. Water cooling is restarted and a vacuum is slowly applied to degas the mixture as the P₂O₅ is blended into the PPA. Water cooling is controlled to maintain the contents of the mixer at 75 (+/−5) ° C. The pressure in the mixer is reduced to 50 mm Hg and mixing is continued for an additional 10 minutes. The water flow is then stopped and the mixer blades are stopped so as not to obscure the addition port. N₂ is admitted to bring the pressure up to 1 atmosphere (absolute).

10174 grams of monomer-complex are weighed into a transfer bin in a dry N₂ weigh chamber. In addition, 51 grams of tin powder (approx. 325 mesh) and 25 grams of benzoic acid are weighed into a separate N₂-blanketed transfer vessel in the same weigh chamber.

The 1 atmosphere (absolute) pressure in the mixer is equalized to the 1 atmosphere pressure in the N₂-blanketed weigh chamber. The monomer complex, tin, and benzoic acid are transferred to the 10CV mixer, and then the transfer valve is closed. The mixer blades are started and their speed is ramped to 40 rpm. Water cooling is restarted when the agitator starts, and the monomer complex, tin, and benzoic acid are blended into the PPA mixture for 10 minutes after the mixer blades have reached the 40 rpm rate. Then a vacuum is slowly applied to degas the mixture as the blending continues. Water cooling is controlled to maintain the contents of the mixer at 75 (+/−5) ° C. The pressure in the mixer is reduced to 50 mm Hg pressure and mixing is continued for 10 minutes. Then the mixer blade speed is reduced to 12 rpm and water cooling is reduced to allow the temperature of the contents in the mixer to rise to 85 (+/−5) ° C. The mixer blades are then stopped, N₂ is admitted to bring the pressure up to 1 atmosphere, and the contents of the mixer are then transferred to a feed tank having two agitators (a DIT 10SC mixer).

The reactant mixture in the feed tank is maintained at a temperature of 110° C. and a pressure of 50 mm Hg absolute. Both agitators are run at 40 rpm. The reactant mixture is pumped from the tank at an average rate of 10,050 grams/hour through a heat exchanger, to increase the temperature of the mixture to 137° C., and into a series of three static mixer reactors, allowing a 3-hour hold-up time for oligomer formation. Exiting the static mixer reactors, superphosphoric acid (SPA) (76% P₂O₅) is injected into the oligomer mixture at an average rate of 1079 grams/hour.

The oligomer mixture with SPA is then well blended through a static mixer and transferred to a stirred surge tank any volatiles are removed by a vacuum. The stirred surge tank is a DIT 5SC mixer, having a temperature maintained at 137° C. Average hold-up time in the surge tank is 1¼ hr.

Polymerization of the Mixture

The oligomer mixture is then further polymerized to the desired molecular weight at a temperature of 180° C. The oligomer mixture is first pumped through a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of the mixture to 180° C. and then through a reactor system of static mixers and a rotating Couette-type-shearing reactor imparting 5 sec⁻¹ shear rate to the polymerizing solution. The reactor system is maintained at 180° C. (+/−5 degrees) and the hold-up time in the reactor system is 4 hours. A solution containing a polymer having an inherent viscosity of 25 dl/g is obtained.

Spinning Process

Fiber Formation & Quenching

The 18 weight % solution of 25 IV polymer in PPA (having a strength of equivalent of 81.5% P₂O₅) is then forwarded to the spinning machine using a gear pump to boost its pressure. A portion of the solution is then metered through a 5 cc/revolution gear pump at 180° C. The polymer solution is pumped through a spinning pack consisting of a combination of screens, filters, and flow distribution and support plates, through a spinneret having 500 holes.

The 500 filaments from the spinneret are spun through an air gap of 12 mm and are coagulated in a 20% aqueous phosphoric acid bath equipped with a 5 mm diameter quench tube, the bath controlled at a temperature of 20° C., to form a yarn. The yarn is forwarded by a pair of feed rolls that convey the yarn at 200 meters per minute.

Hydrolysis & Washing

The yarn is rinsed with water first in a wash trough and then on rolls. The bulk of the surface liquid is then stripped by contacting the yarn with cylindrical pins. The yarn is then forwarded to drying rolls operating at a surface temperature of 105° C. The contact time of the yarn on the surfaces of the rolls is 4.2 seconds.

The yarn is then conveyed to electrically heated rolls operating at a surface temperature of 200° C. to hydrolyze residual PPA in the filaments. Transit time on the rolls is a total of 14 seconds, with the contact time of the yarn on the surfaces of these rolls being 7 seconds.

The yarn is then conveyed to wash rolls, where it is washed to remove residual acid. The yarn is passed through eight pairs of advancing-wrap wash rolls. For each roll pair, there are 10 wraps, the residence time is 7.5 seconds, and the wash liquid temperatures are controlled to 70° C.

The first four sets of wash rolls wash the yarn with water in a counter-current process. The amount of phosphoric acid in the wash water increases from the fourth set of rolls to the first set of rolls due to the extraction of the phosphoric acid from the yarn.

The fifth set of wash rolls wash the yarn with 2% sodium hydroxide in water, followed by the sixth set of wash rolls that wash the yarn with water. During operation, there is some carryover of caustic from the fifth set of wash rolls to the sixth set.

The seventh set of wash rolls wash the yarn with 2% acetic acid in water, followed by the eighth set of wash rolls that wash the yarn with water. During operation, there is some carryover of acetic acid from the seventh set of wash rolls to the eighth set.

Drying

The washed yarn is conveyed across a pair of rolls to isolate the washing from drying. The yarn passes between contacting cylindrical pins to strip the bulk of the surface wash liquid from the yarn, and then is conveyed onto a pair of steam-heated drying rolls having a surface temperature of 150° C. Contact time on the dryer rolls is 30 seconds. A textile finish is then applied to the yarn and it is wound on a bobbin.

Example 12

This example illustrates the optional heat treatment of the yarn made in Example 11. The process of Example 11 is repeated, except after drying, a volatile antistatic finish is applied to the yarn instead of a textile finish, and the yarn is immediately conveyed to heated rolls instead of being wound on a bobbin.

Heat Treatment

The dried yarn is conveyed to three pairs of electrically heated rolls, which raise the temperature of the yarn to 400° C. The yarn is then conveyed into a N₂-blanketed tube oven which raises the temperature of the yarn to 500° C. Before exiting the N₂ atmosphere, the yarn is cooled in a room temperature N₂ atmosphere for 2 seconds, and a finish is applied. The yarn is then conveyed across a bank of rolls to establish proper tension for winding and the yarn is then wound onto a tube by a tension-controlled spindle-driven winder

Example 13

The following were combined in a clean dry 4CV Model DIT Mixer (available from Design Integrated Technology, Inc, Warrenton, Va., that was being continuously purged with nitrogen gas:

a) 585.71 grams of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) having an equivalent concentration of 84.84% P₂O₅,

b) 168.90 grams P₂O₅,

c) 3 grams of tin powder (325 mesh and available from VWR scientific; This amount of Tin powder is approximately 1.2% weight percent based on the amount of TD Complex), and

d) 245.44 grams of TD Complex (a one to one complex of tetraaminopyridine (TAP) and dihydroxyterephthalic acid, i.e. 101.28 g of TAP and 144.21 g of DHTPA)

The 4CV Model was a jacketed twin cone reactor, which was heated by hot oil circulating through the jacket, that offered a unique mixing principle using intersecting dual helical-conical blades that intermesh throughout the conical envelope of the bowl. The mixer blades were started and set at 80 rpm and a vacuum was pulled on the reaction mixture in such a way as to moderate the foaming of the mixture during the reaction. The temperature of the reaction mixture is measured throughout using a thermocouple. The temperature was raised to 100° C. and held there for 1 hour. The temperature was then raised to 135° C and held for 2 hours. The mixer is then flushed with nitrogen gas. Next 55.2 grams of a mixture comprising of 49.73 grams of PPA with a concentration of P2O5 equivalent to 84.84%, and 5.49 g water is added to the mixer. This solution is stirred for 15 minutes. Next the temperature was raised to 180° C. and held for 2 hours and a vacuum is pulled on the mixer during the last 30 minutes of the polymerization. The mixer was then purged with nitrogen and the polymer solution was discharged into a glass vessel. The polymer was removed from the mixer in the form of a 18.29% polymer in a PPA. A sample of the polymer solution was diluted with Methane Sulfonic acid to 0.05% concentration. The n_(inh)=23.9. 

1. A process for making a polyareneazole polymer, comprising the steps of: a) contacting areneazole-forming monomers, metal powder, and optionally P₂O₅, in polyphosphoric acid to form a mixture; b) blending the mixture at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 110° C.; c) further blending the mixture at a temperature of up to about 145° C. to form a solution comprising an oligomer; d) optionally, degassing the solution; and e) reacting the oligomer solution at a temperature of about 160° C. to about 250° C. for a time sufficient to form a polymer.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the areneazole-forming monomers include 2,5-dimercapto-p-phenylene diamine, terephthalic acid, bis-(4-benzoic acid), oxy-bis-(4-benzoic acid), 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 2,5-pyridodicarboxylic acid, 2,6-napthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-quinolinedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-bis(4-carboxyphenyl) pyridobisimidazole, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 4,6-diaminoresorcinol, 2,5-diaminohydroquinone, 2,5-diamino-4,6-dithiobenzene, or any combination thereof.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein the areneazole-forming monomers are 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein the areneazole-forming monomers are in the form of a complex of 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein step a) further comprises a chain terminator for the polymer.
 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the chain terminator is benzoic acid, phenyl benzoate, or orthophenylene diamine.
 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the metal powder is tin powder or iron powder.
 8. The process of claim 1 wherein the polyphosphoric acid has an equivalent P₂O₅ content of at least about 81 percent after polymerization.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the polyphosphoric acid has an equivalent P₂O₅ content of at least about 82 percent after polymerization.
 10. The process of claim 1 wherein step c) is performed in a controlled shear environment.
 11. The process of claim 10 wherein the controlled shear environment is one or more static mixers.
 12. The process of claim 10 wherein the controlled shear environment is an extruder.
 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the combined strength of the polyphosphoric acid and the optional P₂O₅ in the mixture is reduced after step c) by the addition of a phosphoric acid.
 14. The process of claim 13 wherein the phosphoric acid is superphosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid.
 15. The process of claim 12 wherein the shear rate imparted in the controlled shear environment in step e) is up to 8 reciprocal seconds.
 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the temperature in step e) is from about 180° C. to about 200° C.
 17. The process of claim 1 wherein the time in step e) is from about 1 to about 6 hours.
 18. The process of claim 1 wherein step e) comprises a plurality of reaction steps, each step having an increasing temperature.
 19. The process of claim 1 wherein the solution in step e) has a percent solids concentration of about 10 to about 21 percent by weight.
 20. The process of claim 1 further comprising the step: f) spinning a filament from the solution comprising polymer of step e). 